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Author 



Title 






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16—47372-2 OI»0 



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THE OREGON" SUPPLEMENT 

U 

By Ef H. Whitney, Assistant Superintendent of Schools, Portland, Oregon 



Description 



I. Location, Area, and Population 

Bound Oregon. What two rivers partially 
separate it from the states bounding it on the 
north and east ? Give the ap- 
proximate latitude of the north- 
ern boundary ; the latitude of the southern 
boundary. Name three states bordering on 
the Atlantic Coast in nearly the same latitude. 
Give the longitudes of the eastern and west- 
ern boundaries. With the scale of miles 
given, measure the approximate distance 
from east to west ; from north to south. In 
what time belt is Oregon located? When 
it is noon in Portland, what time is it in New 
York City? Sketch from memory an out- 
line map of the state. 

Oregon is one of the three Pacific North- 
western states, the other two being Washing- 
ton and Idaho. It is rectangu- 
lar in outline. The length of 
the state from east to west is 395 miles ; and 
from north to south, 278 miles. The distance 
by rail across the state is 500 miles ; and from 
north to south, 475 miles. The area of Ore- 
gon includes 94,560 square miles of land sur- 
face, and 1470 square miles of water surface. 
It ranks seventh in size among the states. 

The population of Oregon in 1919 was 
nearly 905,000. About four fifths of the 
people live west of the Cascades ; and over 
two fifths in cities and towns. The ratio of 
native to foreign-born population is nearly 
three to one. 

Compare Oregon's area and population 
with that of Washington ; New York. Dur- 
Lesson ing the past decade, what 

Study g a j n m population has been 

made? What foreign countries contribute 
the greatest numbers to our population? 

Copyright, 1920, by The 

©CI.A571483 1 



Draw an outline map of Oregon, and reserve 
it for further work as the study of the state 
progresses. 

II. Relief and Drainage 

Geographically, Oregon is considered in 
three divisions : Eastern, Western, and 
Southern Oregon. The part of the state east 
of the Cascades is called Eastern Oregon ; 
the part south of the Calapooia Mountains 
and west of the Cascades, Southern Oregon ; 
and the remaining part, Western Oregon. 

The land surface of what is now our state 
originally consisted of two islands : one 
formed by a volcanic upheaval Physical 
of the Blue Mountains from the Formations 
floor of the sea ; the other, by a similar up- 
heaval of the Siskiyous (see map). At a 
later period, in the process of earth cooling, 
the Cascades were upfolded, and with them 
the entire western chain of which they form 
a part. This uplift formed a landlocked sea 
of the water lying east of the newly formed 
sea dyke and inclosing the Blue Mountain 
Island. But gradually the floor of this sea 
became raised, and its waters subsided into 
a series of connecting lakes now forming the 
lower course of the Columbia River. 

At a still later period, the Coast Range 
Mountains were uplifted, forming a second 
landlocked sea of the region now known as 
the Willamette Valley. In time, the floor 
of this sea rose, draining its waters also 
through the channel of the present Columbia 
River, exposing to the weather a great area 
of muddy sediment. The fertile soil of the 
Willamette Valley was formed of this sediment. 
It is rich in soda, phosphates, potash, iron, 
and humus, all important plant foods. 

Macmillan Company 



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THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



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Fig. 2. — Rough relief map of Oregon, showing the six natural geographical and agricultural divisions 
of the state, the boundaries cf which follow county lines. 



The other valleys of Western Oregon and 
those of the southern part of the state have a 
similar history, and therefore possess a soil 
of equal fertility. The soil of Eastern Oregon 
is of an entirely different nature. After the 




Fig. 3. — Characteristic scene on the upper Rogue River. 



Cascades upfolded, frequent eruptions oc- 
curred, and great sheets of lava poured forth 
on the sides of the mountains. Westerly 
winds carried the light volcanic ash and de- 
posited it like a light blanket of snow over the 
greater part of Eastern Oregon. 
In time this covering formed a 
light soil, rich in the foods re- 
quired for the growth of fruit and 
wheat. 

Locate the Blue Mountains; 
the Steen Mountains. These 

mountains and the 
^ , , Map Work 

Cascades nearly sur- 
round the Central Oregon plateau. 
Show the location of these moun- 
tains on your outline map. The 
Central Oregon plateau has an 
average elevation of 4000 feet. 
Name and locate the principal 
rivers and lakes draining this 
section. Where do we find the 



JUN 30 1920 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 




Fig. 4. — A view of the Columbia River Gorge showing Crown Point and Vista House (on the right) . 



best farming sections on this plateau ? Why ? 
What railroads penetrate this region? 

What counties are drained by the Snake 
River and its tributaries? The Columbia 
River and its tributaries drain more than half 
the area of Oregon. Trace the course of this 
great river. Name three rivers flowing 
through the portion of the Columbia River 
Valley lying between the Cascades and the 
Blue Mountains, and north of the Central 
Oregon plateau. This section is noted for its 
fruit growing and wheat raising. 

Locate the Cascades ; the Coast Range. 
The Coast Range Mountains lie ten to thirty 
miles from the Pacific Ocean, and have an 
extreme altitude of 4000 feet above sea level. 



They are covered with dense forests. What 
kinds of trees are found on these mountains? 
The Cascades are located 110 to 150 miles 
inland. They are a continuation of the 
Sierra Nevadas, and have an extreme height 
of 7000 feet, with several peaks rising 2000 
to 5000 feet higher. The altitude of Mount 
Hood is 11,225 feet. Locate two other peaks 
in this range, giving their heights. Locate 
Crater Lake. It is now an extinct volcano ; its 
rim once formed a prominent mountain peak, 
serving as a watershed for the Rogue, Kla- 
math, and Umpqua Rivers. The Cascades 
are heavily timbered to the snow line. 

The Cascades, Coast Range, and Calapooia 
Mountains surround the Willamette Valley 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



on three sides. This valley is 150 miles long, 
and averages 50 miles in width. What river 
drains its length? 

In Southern Oregon are situated the fertile 
Umpqua and Rogue River valleys, especially 
adapted by soil and climate for fruit growing. 
What rivers drain these two valleys ? Trace 
their courses. Locate the Calapooias ; Rogue 
River Mountains ; the Siskiyous. 



III. Highways and Scenery 

No state in the Union has more varied and 
beautiful scenery than Oregon. The Colum- 
bia Highway, " America's Great Highway," 
extends from The Dalles, through the Colum- 
bia River Gorge, to the sea. Its entire con- 
struction represents the perfection of modern 
road engineering. No grades exceed five per 




Fig. 5. — Crater Lake, 6000 feet above sea level. How may the island be accounted for? 



Low-lying mountain ridges extend west- 
ward from the Coast Range, and divide 
Oregon's coast section into numerous small 
valleys. (See relief map.) These valleys 
have a soil of wonderful fertility, and, be- 
cause of their mountains and locality, have 
an abundant rainfall. This part of the state 
excels in the dairying industry. 



cent ; yet in less than half an hour's time one 
may climb from the river's level to points hun- 
dreds of feet above the Columbia. Crown 
Point is 750 feet above the river. The high- 
way leads through a fairyland of forest depths 
and waterfalls; of rock- walled gorges and 
mighty palisades. Parks have been set aside 
along the way for the public's enjoyment. 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



The Ocean Highway takes in the Clatsop 
and the Tillamook County beaches; and 
when completed, will unite with the Southern 
Oregon Ocean Highway. Newport, on 
Yaquina Bay, is picturesquely located and 
is accessible by automobile. 

The road extending from Washington into 
California is called the Pacific Highway. It 
traverses the length of the fertile Willamette 
Valley through orchards and fields of grain ; 
thence, across the Calapooias into the fruit 
lands of Southern Oregon. In Josephine 
County, a branch road and trail leads from 
the main highway to the "Marble 
Halls of Oregon." Another 
branch road leads from the Rogue 
River Valley to Crater Lake 
National Park, connecting with 
the Central Oregon Highway 
which follows the eastern slope 
of the Cascades to The Dalles. 
Crater Lake is a scenic resort of 
unsurpassed beauty. Its blue 
waters lie in the crater of an 
extinct volcano, 6000 feet above 
sea-level. The lake is six miles 
in diameter. It has a depth of 
over a thousand feet. There is 
no known outlet. 

Mount Hood is another great 
scenic attraction. Because of its 
location, height, and symmetry 
of outline, it has long been considered one 
of America's most beautiful snow peaks. 

Oregon has many other scenic features well 
worth mentioning, including Wallowa Lake, 
the Snake River Canyon on the eastern border 
of Wallowa County, and the John Day Canyon 
in Wheeler County. 

IV. History 

At the time of the American Revolution, 
Russia, Spain, and England each claimed, by 
right of discovery, the territory embodied in 
the present State of Oregon. 



A few years later an American, Captain 
Gray of Boston, set sail for the Northwest 
coast. In 1792, as he sailed near the land, 
he saw a wide estuary and turned aside for 
exploring purposes. Finding he had dis- 
covered a hitherto unknown river, he named 
it in honor of his good ship Columbia. 
Because of his discovery, the United States 
laid claim to the Columbia basin. 

By the Lewis and Clark expedition, 1804- 
1806, and the founding of a fur trading post 
at Astoria in 1811 by John Jacob Astor, 
America proved to England that she had a 




Fig. 6. — Wallowa Lake. 

serious rival on the Pacific. The Lewis and 
Clark expedition aroused a new interest in 
the Oregon Country, and established the 
fact of the existence of a highway across the 
continent. 

In 1819, a treaty was made between our 
country and Spain whereby the latter gave 
up all claims to the Pacific north of the forty- 
second parallel. In 1824, by an agreement 
with Russia, all that part of the coast south 
of 54 degrees 14 minutes was disclaimed by 
her. These two agreements left Great 
Britain and the United States the sole 
contenders for the stretch of coast lying be- 



6 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 




Fig. 7. — A reproduction of the blockhouses and palisades that were 
part of old Fort Astoria. 



tween the latitudes just given. (Locate on 
your map these two latitudes.) 

Great Britain, through the medium of two 
powerful fur-trading companies, the North- 
west and the Hudson Bay, maintained a 
foothold in the Columbia basin. Neither 
that country nor the United States could 
agree upon a dividing boundary. England 
wished to place our northern limit at the 
Columbia River, and we held out for all the 
territory south of 54 degrees 50 minutes. In 
1818 an agreement was entered into between 
the two countries whereby the entire Oregon 
Country was to be left open to both nations 
for a period of ten years. In 1828 this agree- 
ment was renewed for an indefinite period. 

In 1846 a treaty was made with Great 
Britain whereby all the region south of the 
forty-ninth parallel, except Vancouver Island, 
was awarded to the United States. In 1848 
Congress created a territorial government and 
on February 14, 1859, the state with its present 
boundaries was admitted into the Union. 

V. Government 

Oregon has three departments of govern- 
ment : the legislative, the executive, and 
the judicial. 

The legislative department consists of a 
house of representatives whose sixty members 
serve for two years, and a senate whose thirty 
members serve for four years. Regular legis- 



lative sessions are held biennially, 
for a period of forty days. Ore- 
gon has in Congress three repre- 
sentatives and two United States 
senators. 

The executive department is 
composed of a governor, secre- 
tary of state, treasurer, attorney- 
general, superintendent of public 
instruction, and various executive 
committees. Each of the officers 
just named serves for four years. 
The judicial authority is vested in a su- 
preme court, consisting of seven judges who 
are elected for six years; in circuit courts; 
in county courts ; in district courts ; and in 
justice courts. 

The two distinctive features of the Oregon 
system of government are the " Initiative and 




Fig. 8. — State Capitol at Salem. 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



Referendum/' and the "Recall." 
The people of Oregon may reject 
any unsatisfactory law passed by 
the legislature by petitioning that 
such a law be " referred " to 
them for a popular vote. Or, 
they may " initiate " a new 
measure by petition, and have 
it submitted for approval or re- 
jection at a general election. 
This power of the people is 
known as the " Initiative and 
Referendum." The citizens may 
" recall " any elected officer held 
unfit to serve his position by 
securing the required number of 
signers to a petition calling for 
a " recall " election. If at this 
election the number of his votes does not ex- 
ceed that of any of his opponents, he must 
give up his office. 

VI. Seacoast and Harbors 

Rocky headlands from the Coast Range 
Mountains form promontories which if un- 
guarded would prove a serious menace to 
navigation. To insure safe coastwise traffic, 



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Fig. 10. — The municipal dock at Astoria. 



Fig. 9. — A lighthouse at the mouth of the Columbia River, in the 
Portland lighthouse district. 

our Government has established lighthouse 
stations at Cape Blanco, Coquille River, 
Cape Arago, Umpqua River, Heceta Head, 
Yaquina Head, Cape Mears, and Tillamook 
Rock. The Columbia River Light Vessel 
marks the Columbia River entrance. These 
stations all come under the jurisdiction of the 
Seventeenth Lighthouse Division, whose 
headquarters are at the Custom House in 
Portland. 

The mouth of the Columbia 
River forms one of the most im- 
portant harbors along the entire 
Pacific Coast. It is a receiving 
port for cargo-laden vessels from 
Vladivostok, Yokohama, Shang- 
hai, Hong Kong, Manila, Sidney, 
Auckland, Honolulu, Panama, 
Valparaiso, and various coast 
points ; and it is a shipping port 
for the products of Oregon and 
the Inland Empire. Formerly, 
bar formations and channel shift- 
ing made the entrance from the 
sea into the Columbia uncertain ; 
but in 1918, after years of 
Government work and an ex- 
penditure of millions of dollars, 



8 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



permanent improvements were completed. 
A north and a south jetty have been con- 
structed, the former four miles, and the latter 
seven miles in length. Extensive dredging 




Fig. 11. — Ocean steamer outward bound from the Columbia River. 

has been done. The two jetties prevent 
bar formation. At the entrance channel, the 
Columbia now has a constantly increasing 
depth of over 40 feet for a width of 3000 feet, 
thus affording safe entry for the largest of 
sea-going vessels. Astoria, lo- 
cated near the mouth of the 
Columbia, is rapidly increasing 
in importance as a seaport. 

Government work on the 
Columbia to the mouth of the 
Willamette, and the port of 
Portland's work from that point 
to its own harbor, has given to 
this entire course a depth of 30 
feet at zero stage, with a channel 
from 300 to 600 feet in width. 
Portland's harbor is now accessi- 
ble to the largest vessels operating 
on the Pacific. Distance by ship 
from this city to the ocean is 
about one hundred miles. 

Besides the Columbia River 
entrance, there are smaller sea- 
coast harbors, the principal ones being Coos 
Bay, Yaquina, Tillamook, and Umpqua. 
Coos Bay, the largest natural harbor between 
Portland and San Francisco, is steadily gain- 
ing in importance as a port. As a result of 



Government dredging, vessels drawing 20 feet 
may now safely enter the harbor. 

Mark on an outline map of Oregon the loca- 
tion of lighthouses and of inland and sea- 
coast harbors. 
^ ~ , Map Study 

Compare Oregon s 

seacoast line with Washington's ; 
with Maine's. 

VII. Industries 

In almost every county in Ore- 
gon, an abundance of grass and 
hay is produced, 
making it possible 
to keep dairy herds. That part 
of the state east of the Cascade 
Mountains has some valuable dairy interests, 
but in the Willamette Valley and the Coast 
Region the natural advantages are not ex- 
celled in any other part of the world. This 



Dairying 



is especially true of the Coast Region. 




Fig. 12. — Modern dairy barn and silo. 

Washington County in the Willamette* 
Valley and Tillamook County on the coast 
are the leading dairy counties of the state. 
The former is the chief dairy county in respect 
to the amount of production, but the latter is 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



9 



really the banner county, owing in a great 
measure to the splendid organization of dairy- 
men and manufacturers. In the past 11 
years Tellamook County has produced more 
than 42,000,000 lb. of cheese. 

A few years ago it was thought necessary 
to go east, even as far as western Europe, for 
well-bred dairy stock with which to build 
up our herds. It is no longer necessary to 
do this. Oregon breeders are just as expert 



Pounds of cheese made . . . 8,719,220 
Pounds of milk condensed . . 69,064,605 
Pounds of condensed milk made 33,688,902 
There are 91 creameries, 79 cheese factories 
and 5 condenseries in Oregon. 

VIII 

The Pacific Northwest is rapidly becoming: 
an important live stock producing region 




Fig. 13. — Taking sheep from the interior of Oregon to the market. 



as any in the world, and their herds of fine 
dairy stock have won international fame. 

From the report of the State Dairy and 
Food Commission for the year ending Septem- 
ber 30, 1918, the following items were taken : 
Pounds of butter fat used in the 

manufacture of butter . . . 11,282,311 
Pounds of creamery butter made 13,854,625 
Pounds of milk made into cheese 80,869,691 
Pounds of butter fat made into 

cheese 3,320,306 



Portland, because of its location and develop- 
ment, is recognized as the central market for 
the stock products of this region. . . „ , 
The annual stock show held in 
Portland encourages stock raisers not only 
in Oregon but through the entire northwest 
to raise only the best breeds of stock. At 
these shows, prize-winning stock from all 
parts of Canada and the United States are 
shown. The Live Stock Pavilion located in 
Portland, in the vicinity of the Union Stock 



— »■ ■! — ■■ 



10 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



Yards and the packing plants, is the best of 
its kind west of Chicago. 

In some parts of the state, especially in the 
coast counties, cattle may graze every month 
in the year. During the winter months, even 
in the coast counties, dairymen have learned 
that some feeding should be done to get the 
best results. About 700,000 acres in Oregon 
are devoted to the raising of hay of various 
kinds. 

Twelve meat-packing plants in Oregon in 
1918 yielded nearly sixteen million dollars' 
worth of meat products. The Union Stock 



Oregon counties, and the unsurpassed dairy 
herds of Holstein and Jersey in the Willa- 
mette Valley and the coast counties have 
given Oregon the name of "The Home of 
Blooded Stock." 

rx 

There are about twenty-five million acres 

in Oregon covered with valuable growths 

of Douglas fir, vellow pine, „ , . 

n , " , , , Lumbering 

spruce, cedar, hemlock, and 

other varieties of merchantable timber. 

About one half of the timber in Oregon is 




Fig. 14. — Live Stock Pavilion, Portland. 



Yards' record shows that in 1919 the State 
of Oregon shipped about 8000 cattle, 12,000 
hogs, and 14,000 sheep to the Portland 
center. 

Ten counties in Eastern and Southern 
Oregon yield annually more than one million 
sheep and goats. The number for the entire 
state is more than a million and a half. The 
annual wool and mohair clip for the state is 
about 13,000,000 pounds, valued at $6,500,- 
000. In the production of mohair, Oregon 
ranks among the first states. 

The goats and sheep of Yamhill County, 
the sheep of Jefferson and other eastern 



found in Government Reserves. There are 
sixteen such reserves in the state. Lumber- 
men are permitted to cut and market the 
mature trees in these reserves after obtaining 
leases from the United States Government. 

The timber in the State of Oregon, if 
cut into lumber, would require thirty-three 
million cars to transport. These cars would 
make a train that would encircle the globe 
about eight times. If cut and stacked in a 
solid cube, as lumber is ordinarily piled in 
lumber yards, it would make a solid cube 
over twelve thousand feet on each edge, 
which is greater than the height of Mount 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



11 



Hood. It would require three hundred saw- 
mills, each cutting one hundred thousand 
feet per day, one hundred ten years to accom- 
plish the task. That Oregon is to continue 
in the first rank of lumber-producing states is 
assured, for the natural growth aided by re- 
forestation now produces ten per 
cent more timber than is being 
cut. 

The products of Oregon tim- 
ber bring into the state every 
day of the year (Sundays in- 
cluded) more than $110,000. 

The Douglas fir of Oregon is 
superior in quality for ship and 
bridge building and construction 
that requires timber of the 
greatest tensile strength. The 
yellow pine found largely in 
the eastern and southern parts 
of the state is used chiefly 
for general building purposes. 
Cedar is used largely in mak- 
ing shingles and other building 
materials which will be exposed 
to the weather, as it is less 
affected by the action of the sun 
and rain. Spruce is valuable 
for airplane stock and paper 
manufacture. Hemlock, because 
of its poisonous effect on insects, 
is exported in large quantities to 
the islands of the Pacific and to 
the Orient where it is necessary 
to guard against insect activity. 



Ores of precious metals have been mined 
in the mountainous sections of Eastern Oregon 
since 1861, and in the south- 
western part of the state since 
about 1855. Much placer gold has been 
furnished by the main streams of these sec- 
tions for years. Considerable gold has been 
found in the beach sands, also small amounts 
of platinum. Gold and silver ore yields a 



percentage of copper, but not until 1905 did 
Oregon begin to make shipments of copper. 

For many years, coal has been mined in 
commercial quantities in the Coos Bay re- 
gion, and in other parts of the state lignite 
coal is known to exist. 




Mining 



Fig. 15. — A section of Oregon's big timber. 

In various parts of the state is to be found 
excellent building stone which is quarried in 
quantities sufficient to supply in a great meas- 
ure Oregon's needs. An excellent quality 
of clay from which brick and pottery are 
made is found in large quantities, especially 
in the Willamette Valley region. Much raw 
material, from which lime and Portland ce- 
ment are made, abounds in many parts of the 
state. 

The total annual value of Oregon's minerals 



12 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 




Fig. 16. — Portland, Oregon, showing Mt. Hood in the distance. 



and non-metallics (clay, gypsum, granite, 
etc.) amounts to about $4,000,000. The 
greater part of this money is spent in our 
local markets for labor and supplies. More 
than $135,000,000 have been produced from 
the mines of the state, and mining experts 
think that there is a good future for the min- 
ing industry. 

XI 

Oregon's location renders it especially well 
adapted for commerce. One hundred fifty 
thousand square miles of terri- 
tory, containing more than 
1,500,000 population, are tributary to the Co- 
lumbia River gateway. The only water 
grade route through the Cascade Mountains 



Commerce 



is by way of the Columbia River. The heavy 
snows that make rail transportation so un- 
certain and expensive both by the northern 
and the southern routes do not occur here. 
Climatic conditions are more favorable here 
for ocean traffic, as the records kept by the 
United States Lighthouse Service indicate 
fifty per cent less fog than occurs either in 
the Puget Sound ports or at San Francisco. 

Portland, a city of nearly 300,000 popula- 
tion, is the center of many railroad lines. The 
chief of these are the Union _ ., 

i. Railroads 

Pacific system, the Northern 
Pacific, the Great Northern, and the Spokane, 
Portland and Seattle R. R., entering from the 
east and north, and the Southern Pacific from 
the south. These lines have many important 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



13 



2. Rivers 



branches which reach almost every part of 
the state. In addition to the steam roads 
named, electric lines are operated in the Willa- 
mette Valley. These lines of railroads make 
it possible for the produce of the state to be 
delivered in a few hours to the local markets 
and to be transported by ocean-going ves- 
sels to any port of the world. 

The Columbia and Willamette 
rivers furnish excellent waterways 
for the transporta- 
tion of produce 
from the northern counties of 
the state and those situated in 
the Willamette Valley between 
the Cascade Mountains and the 
Coast Range. These rivers and 
their tributaries also afford 
means of transportation for the 
lumbering industry. Millions 
of feet of logs are floated an- 
nually to the mills located on 
these rivers. 

Within the past few years, 
many millions of dollars have 
been spent in Ore- 
gon in building 
hard-surfaced roads. These high- 
ways, referred to elsewhere, have 
made it possible for the producers 
of Oregon to make use of motors 
for the marketing of their crops. 
A system of highways has been 
established which in a few years 
will bring every part of the state 
within marketing distance of all 
the centers of population. 

Portland on the Willamette 
River; Astoria, near the mouth of the 
Columbia River; and Marsh- 
field, on Coos Bay, are the prin- 
cipal ports. Ocean-going vessels of the largest 
size enter the first two named ports and 
many valuable cargoes are shipped from Coos 
Bay which is entered by a coastwise line of 
steamers. 



The chief imports are vegetable oils, coffee, 
copra, hemp, rice, rubber, silks, sugar, and 
tea. These amount to many 5 . imports 
millions annually. and Exports 

Our chief exports are lumber, flour and 
cereals, grain, fruits, fish, and meat products. 
The value of our exports is many times 



3. Highways 




4. Ports 



Fig. 17. — Mitchell Point on the Columbia Highway. 



greater than our imports, leaving a very satis- 
factory balance of trade in our favor. 

From what countries do we get vegetable 
oils, rice, silk, coffee, tea, rubber, hemp? To 

which countries do we send, , _ . 

. , , ., 6. Study 

either by rail or water, our ex- 
ports? How far is Portland, our chief port, 
from the principal markets of Asia, South 



14 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



America, and Europe ? Trace on a map the 
chief lines of railroads entering the state, 
also the ocean routes of commerce. 



XII 



Oregon in the past ten years, especially in 
the vicinity of Portland and in the Willamette 
Manufac- Valley, has made much progress 

turing m manufacturing. The cheap 

power that will be available when the rivers 
and mountain streams have been fully 
harnessed in every part of the state insures 
Oregon's industrial development and impor- 
tance. There is an intimate relation between 




Fig. 18. — Main building, Oregon Normal School at Monmouth 

factories on the one hand, and on the other 
the industries which produce raw materials, 
that must be kept constantly in mind. Every 
additional pound of wool consumed in our 
Oregon mills, every additional bushel of fruit 
passed through our driers, every extra bushel 
of wheat converted into flour, one log more 
made into lumber, gives employment to an 
ever increasing population who are in turn 
dependent upon our farms, dairy and poultry 
ranches for then products. 

The total value of the output of Oregon's 
factories for the year 1918 was $62,231,237. 
This is an increase over 1917 of one hundred 
sixty-six per cent. These industries em- 
ployed about 40,000 men and women. The 



ship building industry is not included in these 
figures. 

It has been stated that Oregon is the first 
state in the United States in the amount of 
standing timber. It is also true that it 
stands first in the amount of timber products. 
The total value of Oregon's timber products, 
not including furniture manufacture, for the 
year 1918, was over $30,000,000. When the 
rebuilding of the European countries which 
were laid waste during the war begins, a larger 
demand will be made on Oregon's timber 
resources. 

In 1919, Oregon had about one million acres 
devoted to wheat raising. The greater part 
of the wheat from this vast area, 
as well as much of the wheat 
raised in Washington and Idaho, 
was marketed through Portland 
and the Columbia River ports. 
The value of Oregon's flour and 
feed output in 1919 was about 
thirty million dollars. 

An excellent quality of wool is 
grown in Oregon. There are ten 
woolen mills in the state, which 
turn out about two and a quarter 
million dollars' worth of products 
annually. There are several 
wool scouring plants and knitting 
works. The woolen products made in Ore- 
gon are in great demand and find a wide 
market. The quality is not excelled in any 
other part of the United States. 

Paper made from wood pulp is an important 
product. Some of the largest paper mills in 
the United States are located in Oregon. 
There is an unlimited supply of raw material 
for the manufacture of paper and the industry 
will no doubt make a rapid growth. The 
value of Oregon's paper products amounts 
annually to more than three million dollars. 

There are many large meat packing plants 
in Oregon, the annual product of which is 
valued at more than fifteen million dollars. 
Oregon is the largest furniture manufactur- 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



15 




Fig. 19. — Part of the campus of Oregon Agricultural College, showing some of the main buildings. 



ing center in the entire west, and in some 
lines of furniture ranks third in the United 
States. There are many varieties of woods 
here which are especially adapted to the 
making of first class furniture. 

While the leading manufacturing lines have 
been named above, there are many others 
of much importance. Rope and twine, shoes, 
rubber goods, tile and brick, and leather are 
among the important products made in 
Oregon. 

XIII. Education 

Oregon's public schools rank among the 
best in the United States. The elementary 
Administra- and high schools, except in a 
tion few first class city districts, are 

directly under the supervision of the Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction, whose office is 
in the Capitol at Salem. The Superintendent 
has assistants who aid in the inspection of 



the schools of the state. Working under the 
direction of tjie State Superintendent is a 
special director of vocational training work. 
Each county has a County Superintendent, 
and in a few counties rural school super- 
visors are provided whose business it is to visit 
schools and inspect the work done in them. 
In districts of the first class, City Superintend- 
ents are elected who are held responsible for 
the administration of their districts. In each 
district of the state, school board members 
are elected whose duty it is to elect teachers 
and look after the business of the district. 

There are 2530 districts in the state ; 30 
consolidated districts ; about 20 union high 
schools ; and 220 district high Schools and 
schools. In some city districts colleges 
more than one high school is located. There 
are eight in Portland. The funds for main- 
taining the elementary and high schools of the 
state are by direct local taxation, an appor- 




Fig. 20. — A view of the campus of the University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. 



16 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 




Fig. 21. — The General Library building, Portland, Orel 
one of the finest in the United States. Extension 
University of Oregon are given in this building. 

tionment of not less than ten dollars for each 
person of school age, from the county tax, 
and the per capita tax from the state de- 
rived from interest on the permanent school 
fund, which is now $6,689,912.30. Pupils 
finishing the eighth grade are admitted into 
the high schools without examination. If 
there are no high schools in their districts, 
the state provides for a transfer of tuition 
money to the high school they wish to 
attend. 

The Oregon State Normal School is located 
at Monmouth. This school is well equipped 
for training young men and 
women who are preparing them- 
selves to teach in the elementary 
schools of the state. This school 
is maintained by a state millage 
tax. 

Oregon Agricultural College, 
located at Corvallis, ranks second 
among the agricultural colleges 
of the United States. The col- 
lege grounds comprise three hun- 
dred forty-nine acres of which 
ninety-one acres are campus, one 
hundred forty-three acres are 
devoted to farm, garden, and 



orchard work, and one hundred 
fifteen acres are used for the 
college stock farm. Funds for 
maintaining the work of the col- 
lege are derived from the national 
government and the State of 
Oregon. 

In addition to the resident in- 
struction done, extension service 
and experiment stations form an 
important part of the college 
work. Experiment stations are 
located at Union, Talent, Moro, 
Hermiston, Burns, Astoria, and 
Hood River. 

Oregon's State University, lo- 
cated at Eugene, is among the 
best in the western states. It 
has greatly enlarged its usefulness to the 
state by its extension and correspondence 
work. Any citizen of the state qualified 
for university work may either take a cor- 
respondence course or join one of its ex- 
tension classes. Residence at the University 
is not required for this work. The Medical 
School of the University is located at 
Portland. The activities of the University 
are maintained by a millage tax on all the 
property in the state. 

The work of the State Library and of the 
local libraries throughout the state constitute 



;on, said to be 
courses of the 




Fig. 22. — An alfalfa field in Eastern Oregon. 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



17 



Study 



a very important part of the state's edu- 
cational activities. The General Library, 
located in Portland is the center 
of a very large part of the ex- 
tension work of the University of Oregon. 

Industrial, Deaf, and Blind schools are 
Other insti- located in Salem. Asylums are 
tutions located at Pendleton in Eastern 

Oregon, and at Salem. 

Blue Mountain Division 

Name the counties in this group. What 
mountains in this section? Trace on an 
outline map the principal rivers. 
Locate the county seat of each 
County. What can you say of the surface 
and drainage of this group? What are the 
principal industries? How does this group 
compare with the other groups of the state in 
industries? Products? Write a letter to a 
pupil in your grade in some other county, in 
which you tell him all about the products 
and industries of your county; and request 
that he write to you telling all he can about 
his county. 1 

There are five counties in this division. 
The section takes its name from the moun- 
tains which lie almost wholly 
within it. 

The elevation varies from about 900 feet 
above sea level in the west and north to 
Surface and 9800 feet above sea level in the 
drainage central part. The mountains 

are generally covered with timber to an 
elevation of 6000 feet. If you look at the 
relief map, you will find that the drainage is 
from the central portion of the group to the 



Counties 




Fig. 23. — A cornfield in Eastern Oregon. 

east, north, and west. Take your outline 
map that you used before and indicate the 
high lands and trace the important rivers. 
The Snake and the John Day rivers flow 
through deep and narrow gorges for a portion 
of their distance through the mountainous re- 
gion. These swift flowing mountain streams 
afford many valuable power sites, which, 



1 Suggestion to Teachers : It would be an excellent supplement to the text if the pupils were inspired 
to write to the pupils in their grade in the various schools of the state asking for definite information about 
their particular localities. A great many pupils have kodaks and could probably arrange an exchange of 
views which would make a valuable collection for an Oregon scrapbook. Encourage the pupils to make 
clippings from the papers they read and keep them for the scrapbook. Articles too long to be clipped should 
be reduced to a paragraph by the pupil and saved. If the letter writing habit can be started, it will not 
only have a good effect on the study of Oregon geography but will be an excellent experience in real letter 
writing. An Oregon geography club might be organized in the school and many pupils not studying the 
supplement would be interested in helping with the work. 



18 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 




Fig. 24. 



A chicken ranch in the Blue Mountain region. 



Soil and crops 



when developed, will furnish power enough to 
supply all the mills, factories, and farms in 
this entire group. By looking at the relief 
map, you will see that this division of coun- 
ties is generally hilly and mountainous. 

The soil of this group varies from a heavy, 
brown, sandy soil in Baker County, known 

as Yakima loam, 

to a light silt in the 
western part of Wheeler County. 
What is loam? silt? The larg- 
est acreage and the largest 
tonnage of alfalfa are found in 
this section. All hardy varieties 
of grains and grasses do well 
here. Wheat, rye, oats, and corn 
as well as all kinds of vegetables 
are raised in large quantities. In 
many parts of this section ex- 
cellent soil for the growing of 
sugar beets is to be found. 

The leading industries of this 
section are wheat raising, alfalfa, 

lumbering, mining, 

and stock raising. 
Since 1861 gold and silver have 
been mined in paying quantities 
in this section and it is now the 
chief metal producing section in 
the state. The Blue Mountains 
contain some excellent bodies of 
timber and there are many saw- 
mills, planing mills, box and 
shingle factories located here. In 
a large area conditions are favor- 



able for grazing, and 
Jiorses, cattle, and sheep 
are produced in large 
numbers. When irriga- 
tion is fully developed 
in favorable areas, and 
transportation facilities 
are extended, the in- 
dustries in this section 
will be wonderfully in- 
creased. 

The assessed valuation of this section is 
more than $83,000,000. There are 4398 

farms comprising nearly one „ , 

, i fe mi- Valuation 

and one halt million acres. 

Trace the lines of railroads in this section. 

How far are the chief cities from Portland ? 

What products are shipped from this section ? 



Industries 




Fig. 25. — A gold mine in Baker County. 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



19 



How does this section compare in 
size with the other sections of the 

state? What do 

you think the gen- 
eral climate is? Would you ex- 
pect to find a wide range of 
temperature here? Give reasons 
for your answer. In what part 
of this section would you expect 
to find the greatest rainfall? 
Why? How does the rainfall of 
this section compare with that of 
the sections west of the Cascade 
Mountains? What causes the 
difference? Turn to the last 
page and find the total population of this 
section. Name the largest towns in this 
section and locate them on your map. 

Columbia Basin 

How many counties in this group? How 
does it compare in size with the other 
groups in the state ? Trace on 
your outline map the principal 







$yy»SNfcfe 



Study 



Fig. 26. — A gold dredge in Eastern Oregon. 

would you expect to find in this section? 
Why ? If you were looking for a location for 
fruit growing would you go to this section? 
In what county would you locate? If you 
wished to go into the wheat raising industry 
where would you locate ? If you do not live 
in this section, write to the boys and girls 
in the schools of this section for facts about 
their counties. Tell them all the interesting 



rivers and streams. In what general direction facts about your county. 



do the streams flow ? How do they compare 
in size with the rivers of the Blue Mountain 
section ? What part of this section is moun- 
tainous ? In what part is the largest area of 
level and rolling land? What industries 



this section. 



Counties 




Fig. 27. — A general view of Hood River Valley. 



There are seven counties in 
They lie within the Columbia 
River Basin from which the 
section takes its name. What is meant by 
river basin ? 

The surface of this 
section varies from 
the level Surface and 
bottom drainage 

land along the Co- 
lumbia River to the 
mountainous regions 
in the eastern and 
western parts. The 
elevation near Hood 
River is from 600 to 
1200 feet. It reaches 
its highest point at 
Mount Jefferson 
which has an eleva- 
tion of 10,500 feet. 



20 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 




Fig. 28. — Preparing wheat land. Four operations in one, — plowing, disking, 

harrowing, and rolling. 

Locate this mountain on your relief map. 

The surface is well drained by many rivers and 

small streams. Trace these rivers on your 

map. Some of these streams flow through 

deep canyons and divide the section into 

many plateaus and valleys differing widely 

in character of soil and physical features. 
The central and eastern portions of this 

section have a light silt or " dust soil." Es- 
pecially is this true of Umatilla 
County, which produces the 

largest yield of wheat in the state. In the 

northwestern part the soil is of a gray and 

red clay loam. This soil is especially adapted 

to the raising of fruit. In the Hood River, 

Mosier, and The Dalles regions, fruit culture 

has reached its highest development. The 

apples, cherries, peaches, and grapes have won 

the highest honors in competition with other 



Soil and crops 



parts of the country, 
and the markets of 
the East pay fancy 
prices for them. The 
Hood River apple has 
found its way to the 
markets of Europe 
and is a familiar ob- 
ject in the fruit stalls 
of London. 

Wheat raising and 
fruit growing are the 
distinctive industries 
of this section. 
Horses, cattle, and 

sheep are produced in large T , 

, i -it p i Industries 

numbers and millions or pounds 

of wool are shipped annually to the various 
markets of the LTnited States. Farming is 
done on a large scale and all the modern 
machinery of production is employed. The 
roads of this section are generally good and 
trucks and motors are used to transport the 
products to market. Irrigation has been 
done on a large scale and in these regions 
general farming is very profitable. Dairying 
has been developed in some parts of this 
section and much attention is paid to the 
breeding of blooded stock. The largest 
blooded sheep ranch in the world is said to 
be found in Jefferson County. 

The organization of the fruit growing in- 
dustry has reached its highest development 
in the Hood River section. Through this 



■■■■■,, ,;V-:-.">^ ; "S' ; "-" ,: -'- J 
: 



■ m%$M 







Fig. 29. — A "wheat train." The modern method of hauling wheat to the railroad. 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



21 




Fig. 30. — One hundred and forty thousand sacks of wheat grown in the Columbia Basin awaiting shipment. 



organization waste has been eliminated and 
the fruit raisers realize the best returns for 
their products. Apples that are not up to 
grade for shipping are taken to the mills and 
made into cider and vinegar which find a 
ready market. Fruit and vegetable canning 
is done in season and millions of pounds of 
both fruit and vegetables are preserved by the 
dehydrating process. Wasco County ranks 
second in the state in the production of grapes 
and the quality is said to rival that of the 
grapes of France, Spain, and northern Italy. 
They are superior in flavor to 
the California grape. 

There are about 5000 farms 

in this section having a total 

area of more than 

2,500,000 acres. 

The assessed valuation is about 

$130,000,000. 

Locate the county seats and 
tell for what industry each is an 
Map Study important center, 
and Review Trace the lines of 
railroad and tell how far these 
market centers are from Portland. 
Is the Columbia River an impor- 
tant means of traffic ? What has 
the United States done to im- 



prove navigation on the Columbia River? 
Find out all you can about the dehydrating 
process of curing fruits and vegetables. If 
you do not live in Hood River or Pendleton, 
write to the boys and girls in the schools 
there asking them to tell you about the fruit, 
wheat, and wool industries. 

Central Oregon Division 

How do the counties in this division com- 
pare in size with those already studied ? In 
what part are the level plains to be found ? 




Fig. 31. 



Last call for dinner." 



22 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 




Fig. C2. — Digging a drainage canal, in the eastern section of 
Central Oregon. 



How does the elevation of this section com- 
pare with that of the other sections of the 

Map Study S 



would you have to borrow from 
the states of Illinois and Ohio to 
find room* enough? If Harney 
County were as thickly populated 
per square mile as Massachusetts, 
what would its population be? 
Why isn't it as thickly populated ? 
Name the six counties of this 
section and locate 
them on your map. 
Also name and locate the county 
seat of each. 

If you will look at your map, 
you will find that many of the rivers and 
streams of this section flow toward the cen- 



Counties 



What 
mountains form 
a rim around this 
group of coun- 
ties? What in- 
dustry do you 
think would be 
the leading one 
in this section? 
Why? What, in 
your opinion, is 
one of the great- 
est needs of this 
section ? Com- 
pare the size of 

Harney County with that of some of the 
New England States. If you were to place 
Malheur County across the State of Indiana, 



rPr 








Fig. 34. — Barnyard scene on a small ranch in Central Oregon. 



Fig. 33. — Cattle ranch in Central Oregon. 

tral part and that the lakes into which they 
drain have no surface outlet. W r ould you 
expect to find the water in Surface and 
these lakes charged drainage 
with minerals? It is said that 
some of the lakes in Lake County 
have brackish water. What does 
that mean? The elevation of 
this section is from 3000 to 6000 
feet above the sea level and the 
greater part of it is above 4000 
feet. The interior is a vast roll- 
ing plain, much of which has not 
been brought under cultivation. 
Some extensive irrigation proj- 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



23 



ects have been com- 
pleted and many others 
are under way. What 
will be the effect on 
this section and the 
state at large when 
these vast unculti- 
vated tracts are put 
under irrigation? 
In order that the 
products of this sec- 
tion may reach the 
markets of the world, 
railroads and high- 
ways must be built. 

Would it be an advantage to the entire state 
to have good railroad facilities and first-class 
highways in this section? Give reason for 
your answer. 

The soils in this section vary from light 



■-T-. 


m2^3S&ai*&&* ^^3fc**L < .'*3aL - j»-^^sS 




-1 ♦••■ F m W 


^jS^ 


«j8WM||^P^ 


~y~f^ ir 



Fk 



shipment to market, 



Soil and crops 




Fig. 36. — Sugar pine between Medford and Crater Lake, 
said to be the largest in the world. 



35. — Beef cattle in pen awaitm 

volcanic ash to clay and sandy loams. This 

means that all general crops can be produced 

profitably. Hay, grain of all 

kinds, vegetables and fruits are 

the chief crops. In some parts of this section 

the soil is so rich that from 10 to 20 

acres, when placed under irrigation, is 

sufficient to provide for an average family. 

In practically all of the counties of this 

section stock raising is the chief industry. 

Hav is produced in large „ , 

. . , - Industries 

quantities and there are 

thousands of square miles of excellent 
range for both cattle and sheep. This 
section ranks first in the production of 
cattle, especially beef cattle. The towns 
of Vale and Ontario alone, in Malheur 
County, market annually more than 
6,000,000 pounds of wool. In this sec- 
tion, in Klamath County, is to be found 
the largest body of white pine in the world. 
It is estimated at 21,000,000,000 feet. 
Lumbering is an important industry in 
this county but better transportation is 
needed for its proper development. At 
Bend, in Deschutes County, is located 
one of the best sawmills in the state, and 
lumbering is the chief industry of this 
county. 

The wealth of this section is not all 
shown by the returns made to the Tax 



24 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 




Wealth 



Fig. 37. — A modern lumber mill at Bend. 

Commission, for it has a wealth of natural 
scenery that is invaluable. Crater Lake, one 
of the nation's greatest wonders, 
is located in this section and 
thousands of tourists visit it annually. The 
largest body of government land in the United 
States is to be found here. There are about 
1500 farms in this section with a total of 
about a million acres. The assessed valua- 
tion is about 70 
million dollars. 

What are the near- 
est markets for this 
section ? How are 
they connected ? Do 
the products of this 
Study and section 

review g0 to 

the Portland mar- 
ket? Why? Locate 
the principal towns 
and cities in each of 
the counties. Write 
to the school chil- 
dren in these towns 
and cities asking 
them to tell you all 
about their indus- 
tries and markets. 
Tell them about your 



county. Boiling artesian wells 
are found in Malheur County; 
find out what an artesian well is 
and what makes the water hot. 
Natural gas has been found in 
this section. What is natural 
gas and what may later be dis- 
covered in this region? How 
do you think the rainfall in 
this section compares with that 
of the other sections of the 
state? Why? Turn to your 
outline maps and trace the prin- 
cipal rivers and locate Crater 
Lake. In which county do you 
find the greatest number of 
lakes? Locate some of them on your out- 
line map. 

Southern Oregon 

Trace on your outline map the two prin- 
cipal rivers of this group. Write on your 
map the names of the counties 
of this section, and locate the 
county seats. Name and locate the numerous 




Fig. 38. — ■ Orchard scene, 



____^_____^__^^_^_^^__ 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



25 



mountains. In which 
part is the highest 
elevation to be 
found ? Look at the 
relief map and tell 
all you can about the 
surface of this sec- 
tion. Name and lo- 
cate the principal 
cities in this section 
and estimate the dis- 
tances from them to 
Portland. What can 
you say of the rail-- 
road facilities in 
these counties ? Of 
what importance are 

the Rogue and Umpqua rivers to this sec- 
tion? How does the rainfall of this section 
compare with the rainfall of those sections 
you have studied? What causes the differ- 
ence? 

There are three counties in this division ; 
they are, in a great measure, 
the watersheds of their two 
important rivers. 

This section is very largely mountainous. 
The elevation ranges from 1000 to 3500 feet 





Fig. 40. — Boxed apples in warehouse, ready for shipment in 
refrigerator cars. 



Fig. 39. — A scene in Rogue River Valley. 



in the western part to the summit of Mount 
McLaughlin in the eastern part of Jackson 
County. The height of this Surface and 
mountain is 9760 feet. * It was drainage 
formerly called Mount Pitt. There is but 
little level land in Douglas County. In this 
county the climate and general surface and 
appearance differ from those of any other 
county in the state. It is made up chiefly 
of little valleys, varying from a mile to a 
mile and a half in width. Josephine County 
is probably the most mountain- 
ous in this group. The western 
part is practically undeveloped 
and is visited by few people 
except hunters, prospectors, and 
forest rangers. 

There are to be found small 
areas of many kinds of soil. 

These soils vary 

„ ,11 * Soil and crops 

rrom the heavy, 

black loams of the river bottoms 
and low rolling areas to the red 
clays of the foot hills and the 
lighter volcanic ash of the up- 
lands. As might be expected, 
the soil of this region is very 
productive. Here we find the 
best peach and pear culture in 



26 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 




Wealth 



Review 



Fig. 41. — The "Marble Halls" of Oregon. 

County caves. 



A scene in the Josephine 



the state. The peaches and pears of Douglas, 
Jackson, and Josephine are as famous as the 
Hood River apples. Here also is grown the 
first supply of early spring fruits and vege- 
tables for the northern markets. This is es- 
pecially true of the Umpqua Valley. Jackson 
County is said to rank first in acreage of 
commercial orchards ; second in the volume 
of apples produced ; and first in the pro- 
duction of pears, peaches, and 
apricots. 

Many industries are profitably 
engaged in here, but the leading 

ones are agricul- 
Industries , „ .. 

ture, truit raising, 

lumbering, poultry and stock 
raising. From Douglas County, 
annually, there are shipped 
many carloads of turkeys for 
the holiday trade. The pear 
and peach industries have be- 
come highly specialized in this 
section and yield much wealth 
in return. 

As was true of the last section 
studied, there is a wealth of 
natural scenery here that can- 



not be estimated in dollars. 
The famous " Marble Halls of 
Oregon," in Jose- 
phine County rival 
the Mammoth Cave ; their beauty 
cannot be shown by picture. 
The assessed valuation is about 
65 million dollars. There are 
some 1500 farms comprising 
about 400,000 acres. 

Why is this section so well 
suited to the raising of fruit, 
especially peaches 
and pears ? How 
does it compare with other 
parts of the state in the pro- 
duction of early fruits and veg- 
etables? To what market is 
the greater part of the products 
of this section sent? What can you say 
about the turkey raising industry here? 
Exchange post cards of the interesting bits 
of scenery in your county with the school 
children of this section. If you live in this 
section, send post cards of your wonderful 
scenery to the school children of the other 
counties and ask them to send cards in 
exchange. 




Fig. 42. — A catch of salmon. 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



27 



Coast Region 

Where was the first settlement 
in Oregon made? By whom? 

When ? Write a 

short composition 
telling all you know about this 
settlement. Turn to your out- 
line map and write the names of 
the harbors and the principal 
inlets along the Oregon coast. 
Tell what you have learned about 
the seacoast and harbors. About 
how far is it from the Columbia 
River Bar to San Francisco ? To 
the Panama Canal ? What prod- 
ucts enter the ports of Oregon that have 
been brought through the Panama Canal? 
How much shorter is the water distance from 
the Columbia River ports to New York 
through the Canal than by the old route 
around "The Horn"? From what countries 
of the world do we receive cargo-laden ves- 
sels? Of what do these cargoes consist? 
What has the United States government 
done to improve the harbors in Oregon? 
What can you say of the methods used to 
make ocean traffic safe? 








iM^m! 
















*£#*; 


¥* &• .., * 








yp*X-^p 




t ■ 








KwL^ '-■:'. 






IflJK ' 









Fig. 44. — A Tillamook dairy herd. 



Fig. 43. — Interior of a salmon Cannery. 

Name and locate on your outline map the 
five counties of this group. How many have 
railroad connection with Port- 
land ? What counties of other Counties 
sections extend to the coast? 

The eastern boundary line of this section 
follows pretty closely the summit of the Coast 
Range. There are many im- Surface and 
portant rivers draining the drainage 
water from these high lands and mountains 
into the ocean. There is comparatively little 
level land in these counties except in the 

valleys near the ocean. 
Turn to your maps and 
locate and trace the Ne- 
halem, the Wilson, the 
Tillamook, and the Nes- 
tucca rivers. In the re- 
gion of the Wilson and 
Tillamook rivers is to 
be found the celebrated 
"Tillamook Prairie," 
where dairying and cheese 
making have reached the 
highest development in 
the state. Smaller sec- 
tions similar to the Tilla- 
mook Prairie are to be 
found elsewhere in this 
group of counties. 







28 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



Soil and crops 



The soil in the valleys is generally a fine 
sandy loam, very productive, yielding an ex- 
cellent growth of grass. In the 
most favored regions stock may 
graze every day in the year. The uplands 
have a soil that ranges from a sandy loam 
and clay in Tillamook County to a red alluvial 




Wealth 



Fig. 45. — Loading lumber on a vessel at Marshfield 



in Coos County. Root crops and green-grain 
hay are produced in large quantities. 

The greatest amount of standing mer- 
chantable timber in the United States is 

_ , . found in this section and lum- 

Industnes , . » , , , . „ . , 

bermg is one ol the cniel indus- 
tries. This group of counties ranks first in 
fishing and fish canning and in the production 



of cheese. In Coos County is found the 
myrtle, one of the most beautiful curly- 
grained hardwoods, much prized for furniture 
manufacture. Some excellent furniture is 
made here. Some of the largest sawmills 
in the state are found in this section. 

Under this head must be mentioned the 
fine beaches and the excellent 
possibilities for the 
development of 
water power. The total assessed 
valuation of this section is near 
the 100 million mark. There 
are more than 2000 farms, with 
a total of some 350,000 acres. 

Without consulting the map 
in your book, write on your 
outline map the M ap Study 
names of the coun- and Sugges- 
ties of this group tlons 
and locate the county seats. 
What do you know of the 
amount of rainfall in this sec- 
tion? How do you think it 
compares with the rainfall in 
the other sections of the state? 
Give the reason for your opinion. 
Are the four seasons distinctive 
along the coast? If not, how 
would you classify the seasons 
here? Consult your map and 
name the principal rivers. What 
important towns are located near 
these rivers? Name the towns 
that have harbors and locate 
them on your outline map. If 
you do not live in the coast re- 
gion write to the boys and girls 
in the schools of this group of counties ask- 
ing them to tell you about the fishing, lum- 
bering, dairying, and cranberry industries. 

Willamette Valley Division 

What percentage of the population of the 
state lives in this division? How does the 
total population of the ten largest cities of 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



29 



Study 



the state compare with the total population 

of the state? Are large cities necessary to 
the growth and development of 
the state? Give reasons for 

your answer. If Portland should be destroyed 

would the loss affect the rest of the state? 

In what way? Is it to the best interests of 

Portland and the other cities of the state to 

have the highest development 

possible in agriculture, dairying, 

fruit raising, mining, lumbering, 

etc. ? Tell what you think about 

this question in a hundred word 

paragraph. 

There are ten counties in this 

group. Locate 
Counties ", 

them on your out- 
line map ; also, locate the county 
seats. 

The central portion of this 
group, as the name of the section 
Surface and indicates, is corn- 
drainage posed largely of 
level prairie stretches and fertile 
bottom lands. To the east and 
to the west of the Willamette, 
the chief river in the state, the 
elevation varies from 100 to 200 
feet to about 3000 feet in the 
Coast Range, and from 3000 to 
5000 feet in the Cascades. The 
eastern portion of this section is 
quite mountainous and covered 
with forests of valuable timber. 
There are many important rivers 
and smaller streams tributary to 
the Willamette, which furnish 
an excellent water supply, log- 
ging facilities, and power. Portland's water 
supply comes from the Bull Run River, and 
a great part of her power and light is carried 
by wire from the Willamette Falls at Oregon 
City. The Willamette River is navigable 
from Portland to Eugene and is a great aid 
to local commerce. 

There are three distinct classes of soil in 



this group : the rich loam of the bottom 

lands ; the gravelly loams of the hilly sections ; 

and the red clay loam near 

a i i o'i t ,i Soil and crops 

baiem and bilverton. In the 

upper Willamette Valley grain is extensively 

raised. Hay is harvested in large quantities 

and all kinds of general crops are produced 

every year. Fruit, especially prunes, cherries, 




Fig. 46. — Scene in an Oregon bean field. 

and berries, is raised on a commercial scale. 
Ninety-five per cent of the Loganberry juice 
of the world is produced in this section. 

You will find industries of a most varied 
character in this section. It excels in general 
farming ; ranks first in the pro- 
duction of prunes, grapes, and 
potatoes ; has won distinction in the breeding 



Industries 



30 



THE OREGON SUPPLEMENT 



of fine stock ; and produces the largest dairy 
output in the state. In the last five or six 
years the walnut and filbert industry has be- 
gun to be developed. The climate and soil 
of this section seem to be especially adapted 
to the raising of filberts. The manufacturing 
industries have been mentioned at length 
elsewhere. With the exception of the manu- 
facture of products from lumber, practically 
all of the manufacturing of the state is done 
in this section. 

The assessed valuation of this section is 
about $550,000,000. There are 14,576 farms 
having a total of 1,341,000 
acres. How do the farms in 
this section compare in size with those of 
other sections? Give some good reasons for 
the difference. 

Name the natural boundaries of the va- 
rious sections. What can you say of the 
General educational advantages of Ore- 

review gon? Locate the University, 

the Agricultural College, and the State Nor- 
mal School. How are these institutions sup- 
ported? Why is the Willamette Valley 
section the chief manufacturing center? 
What must be considered before a factory 
is located? Instead of shipping the wool 
from Central Oregon in its raw state, 
why not manufacture it into cloth before 
shipping ? 



Counties of Oregon 



County 



Baker . 
Benton . 
Clackamas 
Clatsop . 
Columbia 
Coos . 
Crook 
Curry . 
Dechutes 
Douglas . 
Gilliam . 
Grant . 
Harney . 
Hood River 
Jackson . 
Jefferson . 
Josephine 
Klamath . 
Lake . 
Lane . 
Lincoln . 
Linn . 
Malheur . 
Marion . 
Morrow . 
Multnomah 
Polk . . 
Sherman . 
Tillamook 
Umatilla . 
Union 
Wallowa . 
Wasco 
Washington 
Wheeler . 
Yamhill . 



Area 


Popula- 


Popula- 


Square 


tion 


tion 


Miles 


1910 


1920 


3,060 


18,076 





688 


10,663 


— 


1,864 


29,931 


— 


821 


16,106 


— 


662 


10,580 


— 


1,628 


18,959 


— 


2,994 


9,315 


— 


1,498 


2,044 


— 


3,013 


— 


— 


4,922 


19,674 


— 


1,201 


3,701 


— 


4,520 


5,607 


— 


9,933 


4,059 


— 


543 


8,016 


— 


2,836 


25,756 


— 


1,771 


— 


— 


1,751 


9,567 


— 


5,999 


8,554 


— 


7,920 


4,658 


— 


4,612 


33,783 


— 


1,008 


5,587 


— ■ 


2,243 


22,662 


— ■ 


9,883 


8,601 


— 


1,194 


39,780 


— ■ 


2,025 


4,357 


— 


451 


226,261 


— 


709 


13,469 


— ■ 


836 


4,242 


— 


1,125 


6,266 


— ■ 


3,173 


20,309 


— 


2,087 


16,191 


— 


3,145 


8,364 


— 


2,343 


16,336 


— 


731 


21,522 


— 


1,704 


2,484 


— 


714 


18,235 


— 



County Seat 



Baker 

Corvallis 

Oregon City 

Astoria 

St. Helens 

Coquille 

Prineville 

Gold Beach 

Bend 

Roseburg 

Condon 

Canyon City 

Burns 

Hood River 

Jacksonville 

Madras 

Grants Pass 

Klamath Falls 

Lake view 

Eugene 

Toledo 

Albany 

Vale 

Salem 

Heppner 

Portland 

Dallas 

Morrow 

Tillamook 

Pendleton 

La Grande 

Enterprise 

The Dalles 

Hillsboro 

Fossil 

McMinnville 



Note : As soon as the 1920 census is ready for distri- 
bution, have the pupils fill in the blank column. 



Suggestions. Every pupil should have access to supplementary material when studying Oregon. Letters 
addressed to the various boards of trade and chambers of commerce throughout the state will put you in 
touch with valuable sources of information. The Bulletin issued by the State Labor Commission is valuable. 
The Oregon Almanac contains an invaluable fund of detailed information. This almanac was published by 
the State of Oregon through its Immigration Commission. 

(In the preparation of this supplement special acknowledgment is due to Ruth C. Whitney and the Portland 
Chamber of Commerce.) 



Printed in the United States of America. 



